@dataclass class Car: engine: Engine # composition brand: str Define interfaces explicitly with abc or structurally with Protocol (PEP 544). 5. Concurrency Mastery (Pillar 4) 5.1 Understanding the GIL The Global Interpreter Lock limits CPU-bound threading. Choose wisely:
from dataclasses import dataclass @dataclass class Engine: horsepower: int complete python mastery
import asyncio async def fetch_data(delay): await asyncio.sleep(delay) # non-blocking return "data" @dataclass class Car: engine: Engine # composition brand:
def read_large_file(file_path): with open(file_path) as f: for line in f: yield line # does not load entire file 4.1 Composition over Inheritance Mastery recognizes when inheritance creates fragility. Use dataclasses and composition: complete python mastery
async def main(): results = await asyncio.gather( fetch_data(1), fetch_data(2), fetch_data(3) ) 6.1 Static Typing with mypy Gradual typing prevents runtime type errors:
| Task Type | Best Concurrency Model | |-----------|------------------------| | I/O-bound (network, disk) | asyncio or threading | | CPU-bound (computations) | multiprocessing | | Mixed | concurrent.futures | True async mastery involves event loop understanding:
# Anti-pattern for i in range(len(items)): print(items[i]) for idx, item in enumerate(items): print(f"idx: item") 3.2 Generators & Lazy Evaluation Memory efficiency for large data streams: